FORTAF: Fortifying Africa’s Future - Fortifier L’avenir de L’Afrique

 

Iron Fortification: Recommendations on levels and forms of iron

Due to the very high levels of iron deficiency in the world, it is crucial to ensure that iron compounds used in fortification are bioavailable and stable, to enhance the effectiveness of the initiative. Given the complexity of iron fortification, much attention is currently being devoted to researching the effectiveness of different compounds, which can be confusing to all but the most dedicated iron researchers.

Summary of recommended levels and forms of iron

Iron compounds should be selected to maximize bio-available iron at the lowest cost without adversely affecting organoleptic and storage properties.

For low extraction flours (<0.8% ash) the following are the recommended levels:

  • In populations consuming more that 200g / day of flour, the addition of 30ppm iron from dried ferrous sulphate or fumarate;
  • In populations consuming less than 200g / day of flour, the addition of 45ppm from ferrous sulphate or ferrous fumarate;

If it is not possible to fortify flour with ferrous fumarate or sulphate, electrolytic iron should be used at twice the levels of ferrous sulphate.

For high extraction flours (>80%), and in populations where the overall diet is high in fibre and low in animal proteins, sodium iron EDTA is the preferred fortificant.

In populations consuming more than 200g/day of wheat flour, 30ppm iron from sodium iron EDTA is recommended. Other suitable forms are encapsulated ferrous sulphate or fumarate at twice the recommended amount for low extraction flours.

Degermed maize flours, not treated with lime, can be fortified in the same way as white wheat flour.

For more information, click here for information on the Properties of minerals, and Guidelines for Iron Fortification of Cereal Food Staples.

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